The Ops Community ⚙️: Sneh Chauhan

Understanding /etc/passwd file in Linux

Sneh Chauhan — Thu, 26 May 2022 09:05:09 +0000

Introduction

Linux has evolved from being someone's hobby to a full-fledged multi-user operating system powering 95% servers which run world's top 1 million domains.

4 out of 5 smartphones in the world run on linux kernel(modified one to be precise).
100% of the supercomputers have linux.

Linux is truly fascinating. In this blog, we'll understand about a special file in linux.

Let's dive straight into it.

What is /etc/passwd file?

/etc/passwd is a configuration file which stores user account information. It is a plain text-based file containing information like username, user ID and group ID.

This file is owned by root and has rw-r--r-- permissions(octal 644). Thus, the file can be read by any user but only root user or user with sudo privileges can write to the file.

How can I view that file?

To view the contents of the file, open the terminal and type in:

cat /etc/passwd

The output of this command should be similar to the one shown below.

daniel@DVM:~$ cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:100:102:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:101:103:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-timesync:x:102:104:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:103:106::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
syslog:x:104:110::/home/syslog:/usr/sbin/nologin
_apt:x:105:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
tss:x:106:111:TPM software stack,,,:/var/lib/tpm:/bin/false
uuidd:x:107:112::/run/uuidd:/usr/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:108:113::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:109:65534::/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin
landscape:x:110:115::/var/lib/landscape:/usr/sbin/nologin
pollinate:x:111:1::/var/cache/pollinate:/bin/false
daniel:x:1000:1000:Daniel Tanzer,,,:/home/daniel:/bin/bash

Can I modify that file?

Yes, you can modify the file contents using any text editor like vim, nano or emacs but it's considered to be a bad idea unless you know what you are doing.
You must always use dedicated commands to modify the file. Let's say for an example, you want to add a new user to the system. For doing so, you must use adduser or useradd command instead of manually editing the /etc/passwd file using a text editor.

Understanding /etc/passwd file format

/etc/passwd file contains many lines, one for each user. The first line contains information about root user followed by system user accounts and normal user accounts.

It has 7 fields separated by colon(:).

1) Username :

This is the first field in a line which represents the login name of the user. It has a length ranging from 1 to 32 characters.

2) Password :

This is the second field in a line. In older linux systems, user's encrypted password was stored here. Now in the modern systems, this field is replaced by a character x and the encrypted password is stored in a file called /etc/shadow.

If the field is blank, we do not need a password to login to the system.

To change the password of any user, use passwd command which stores the password in encrypted form in /etc/shadow.

3) User ID (UID):

This is the third field in a line. It contains a unique identifier of a user which is used by an operating system to refer to a user.

UID 0 is reserved for root user.
UID 1-99 is reserved for other predefined accounts.
UID 100-999 is reserved for system accounts.
UID above 999 are for normal user accounts.

4) Group ID(GID):

This is the fourth field in a line. It determines the primary group of the user. Users can belong to more than one group in linux. To get a full list of groups a user belongs to, type in the command:

groups <user_name>

The first group in the output is the primary group and the rest are secondary groups.

5) GECOS :

This is the fifth field in a line. It contains comma-separated information about the user including:

Full name
Room number
Work phone number etc.

6) Home directory :

This is the sixth field in a line which contains the path to the user's home directory. By default, this path is under /home directory and is named after the user. For example, for a user having a username daniel, his home directory would be /home/daniel.

7) Login Shell :

This is the seventh and the last field in the line. It contains path to the user's default login shell. For most of the distributions, it is bash having the path /bin/bash.

It is not necessary to for it to be a shell. For example, system administrators can use nologin shell having path /sbin/nologin. So, if a user tries to login to an account with nologin shell, the nologin shell closes the connection.

This is it for the blog. I hope you understood the format of the file /etc/passwd.

Thank you for reading!

Nexus Repository Manager : What is it & how to configure it on a Digital Ocean Droplet?

Sneh Chauhan — Thu, 26 May 2022 08:59:52 +0000

Introduction

If you are working on a big project which would take long time, repository manager is the thing which can save you a lot of time and effort.

Let's say you are building a Java-Maven application. It uses Maven Central Repository for resolving dependencies. Now if you want to use a package not provided by Java by default, you need to get it from Maven Central. With repository managers, these packages are stored in the repository manager itself so you don't have to look for different packages at different places.

What is a Repository Manager?

A Repository manager is a dedicated server location which is used to manage all the repositories an development team will need throughout the development cycle.

We can consider Repository Manager as a Warehouse for parts. Just as a Warehouse serves as a centralized location for storage of parts and manages receiving, sending and everything in between, a Repository Manager manages all the parts involved in the software development process.

Repository v/s Repository Manager

A Repository is a storage location where components like artifacts, binaries or containers are retrieved so they can be installed or used whereas a **Repository Manager **is a dedicated application which manages all of your internal or proxy repositories.

Why do you need it? 🤔

Let's say you work in a company which is working upon multiple projects. Few of which are build using Java, .NET and Python. Each of these will produce different types of artifacts. Now you'll need different software to store each of them. A Repository manager solves this problem and provides a centralized platform to store all the components involved in the software development process. Few of the other features of a repository manager are :

👉 Saving time and bandwidth due to reduced number of downloads off remote repositories.

👉 Backup and Restore

👉 Cleanup Policies

👉 Search Functionality

👉 Multi-format support

Why Nexus Repository Manager? 🤔

Nexus Repository Manager is a FREE-to-use artifact repository manager by Sonatype. It supports a wide variety of formats like APT, NuGET, Maven and Docker. List of all supported formats can be found here.

Now that you know what Nexus Repository Manager is, let me show you how to configure it on a cloud server. We'll configure Nexus on Digital Ocean Droplet(cloud server) for this blog but you can do the same on almost any other cloud service. Click here to get a FREE $100 credit on Digital Ocean for 60 days.

Configuring Nexus on Digital Ocean Droplet

STEP 1 : Create a Droplet (cloud server)

I've chosen Ubuntu 20.04 LTS but you are free to use distribution of your choice. You can choose the datacenter region which is nearest to your location. In my case it's Bangalore. You can use Password Authentication(less secure) or SSH keys(more secure) for authentication.

Note : Make sure you choose 8 GB/ 4 vCPUs droplet because Nexus takes up a ton of memory and has high CPU usage at times.

STEP 2 : Log in to the droplet using it's `public IP address`

If you used SSH key Authentication, you won't be prompted for password but if you used Password Authentication, you need to enter your password to authenticate yourself.

Note : The default user for any digital ocean droplet is root.

ssh root@<IP_address>

STEP 3 : Install `Java version 8` and networking tools.

Nexus repository manager requires Java version 8 to be installed to run.

We'll use netstat utility to check which port our application is listening to for which we need net-tools package to be installed.

To install Java version 8 and net-tools use the command :

apt install openjdk-8-jre-headless -y
apt install net-tools

To check if Java is properly installed, use the command :

java -version

The above command must give the output :

openjdk version "1.8.0_312"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_312-8u312-b07-0ubuntu1~20.04-b07)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.312-b07, mixed mode)

STEP 4: Download `Nexus Repository Manager` and `untar` it.

To download Nexus Repository manager in /opt use command :

cd /opt
wget https://download.sonatype.com/nexus/3/nexus-3.38.1-01-unix.tar.gz

To untar it, use the command :

tar -zxvf nexus-3.38.1-01-unix.tar.gz

After executing the above commands, when executing the command ls(list files and directories) , it must have 2 new directories namely nexus-3.38.1-01 and sonatype-work.

root@ubuntu-s-4vcpu-8gb-intel-blr1-01:/opt# ls
digitalocean  nexus-3.38.1-01  nexus-3.38.1-01-unix.tar.gz  sonatype-work

STEP 5: Create a new user `nexus`, give it appropriate permissions and change nexus configuration to run as a `nexus` user.

Note : Services should not run with Root user permissions.

Best Practice : Create a new user for each service.

To create a new user nexus, use the command :

adduser nexus

It will ask for user information and password. To skip filling some values, press Enter key.

root@ubuntu-s-4vcpu-8gb-intel-blr1-01:~# adduser nexus
Adding user `nexus' ...
Adding new group `nexus' (1000) ...
Adding new user `nexus' (1000) with group `nexus' ...
Creating home directory `/home/nexus' ...
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
Changing the user information for nexus
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
        Full Name []: Nexus
        Room Number []:
        Work Phone []:
        Home Phone []:
        Other []:
Is the information correct? [Y/n] Y

Change the ownership of directories nexus-3.38.1-01 and sonatype-work from root to nexus. To do so, use the command :

cd /opt
chown -R nexus:nexus nexus-3.38.1-01/
chown -R nexus:nexus sonatype-work/

To check if the ownership was changed, use the command :

ls -l

It must output :

drwxr-xr-x  4 root  root  4096 Apr  3 05:51 digitalocean
drwxr-xr-x 10 nexus nexus 4096 Apr  3 17:26 nexus-3.38.1-01
drwxr-xr-x  3 nexus nexus 4096 Apr  3 17:26 sonatype-work

To change nexus configuration to run as a nexus user, open the file nexus.rc using :

vim nexus-3.38.1-01/bin/nexus.rc

Replace it's contents with :

run_as_user="nexus"

STEP 6: Login as `nexus` and start `nexus service`

To switch user from root to nexus, use the command su - <user_name>.

su - nexus

Now, to start nexus, use the command :

/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/bin/nexus start

It must give the output :

nexus@ubuntu-s-4vcpu-8gb-intel-blr1-01:~$ /opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/bin/nexus start
Starting nexus

To check if it started successfully or not, type :

ps aux | grep nexus

It must give the output :

nexus@ubuntu-s-4vcpu-8gb-intel-blr1-01:~$ ps aux | grep nexus
root       20134  0.0  0.0  10132  3868 pts/0    S    19:08   0:00 su - nexus
nexus      20137  0.0  0.0  10028  5092 pts/0    S    19:08   0:00 -bash
nexus      20353  170 24.3 6618988 1986448 pts/0 Sl   19:10   3:13 /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin/java -server -Dinstall4j.jvmDir=/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64/jre -Dexe4j.moduleName=/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/bin/nexus -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -Dinstall4j.launcherId=245 -Dinstall4j.swt=false -Di4jv=0 -Di4jv=0 -Di4jv=0 -Di4jv=0 -Di4jv=0 -Xms2703m -Xmx2703m -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=2703m -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:+LogVMOutput -XX:LogFile=../sonatype-work/nexus3/log/jvm.log -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow -Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true -Dkaraf.home=. -Dkaraf.base=. -Dkaraf.etc=etc/karaf -Djava.util.logging.config.file=etc/karaf/java.util.logging.properties -Dkaraf.data=../sonatype-work/nexus3 -Dkaraf.log=../sonatype-work/nexus3/log -Djava.io.tmpdir=../sonatype-work/nexus3/tmp -Dkaraf.startLocalConsole=false -Djdk.tls.ephemeralDHKeySize=2048 -Djava.endorsed.dirs=lib/endorsed -Di4j.vpt=true -classpath /opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/.install4j/i4jruntime.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/nexus-main.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/activation-1.1.1.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/jakarta.xml.bind-api-2.3.3.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/jaxb-runtime-2.3.3.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/txw2-2.3.3.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/istack-commons-runtime-3.0.10.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/org.apache.karaf.main-4.3.6.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/osgi.core-7.0.0.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/org.apache.karaf.specs.activator-4.3.6.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/org.apache.karaf.diagnostic.boot-4.3.6.jar:/opt/nexus-3.38.1-01/lib/boot/org.apache.karaf.jaas.boot-4.3.6.jar com.install4j.runtime.launcher.UnixLauncher start 9d17dc87 0 0 org.sonatype.nexus.karaf.NexusMain
nexus      20778  0.0  0.0  10616  3300 pts/0    R+   19:12   0:00 ps aux
nexus      20779  0.0  0.0   8160   732 pts/0    S+   19:12   0:00 grep --color=auto nexus

In my case the process with process ID 20353. By default it is accessible on the port 8081. We can check it using the command :

netstat -lpnt

It would give the output :

nexus@ubuntu-s-4vcpu-8gb-intel-blr1-01:~$ netstat -lpnt
(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info
 will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8081            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      20353/java
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:44945         0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      20353/java
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.53:53           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      -
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      -
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      -

We can confirm from the above output that 20353/java(nexus service) is accessible at port 8081.

If it doesn't show up in your case, give it some time(atleast 5 min) before restarting
the service.

Accessing Nexus from Browser 🤩

We can access Nexus from Browser but for that we need to configure the firewall of our droplet to allow incoming requests to port 8081.

To do so,

👉 Click on the droplet

👉 Open Networking section

👉 Scroll down to the bottom and click on Edit button under Firewall

👉 Click on Create Firewall

👉 Name the Firewall rule

👉 Under inbound rules(rules for incoming requests), create a new Custom rule. Let the protocol be TCP and change the port to 8081. Remove All IPv4 and All IPv6 from sources and put your Public IP address in that field because you don't want your nexus service to be accessible to anyone.

You can get your Public IP address from the URL :

https://ifconfig.me/

Now to access it from your browser, open up your browser and in the address bar type:

<Droplet's_IPv4>:8081

for example it's 143.110.189.99:8081 in my case where 143.110.189.99 is my Droplet's IPv4 and 8081 is the port number.

Congratulations🥳! You're all set to use Nexus in your Browser🤩.

Conclusion

If you learnt something new from this blog, make sure you give it a like, share and follow me on the platform. Also, feel free to connect with me on Twitter. Thank you for reading!📃

Top 3 Networking certifications for 2022

Sneh Chauhan — Wed, 25 May 2022 19:12:48 +0000

Introduction

Are you among those folks who wonder how two devices separated by oceans are able to communicate to each other or how the bullet you fired on your friend in CS: GO, get all the way to your friend sitting in LA on his comfy chair?

If it's you, you must consider giving Computer Networking a shot, after all, who knows it may be the starting point of your IT career.

Believe me, getting started into IT can be really hard. But that statement is true only if you don't learn IT the right way.

While learning anything in IT, certifications are the go-to thing, that most of the beginners look for, to break into the field.

Although they are not mandatory, but it cannot be neglected that almost 99% employers use certifications to make hiring decisions as per Cisco which is the by far the most dominant player in the networking world.

Certifications are a great source for structured learning. In this article, we will review some of the most in-demand Networking certifications out there in the market.

Networking Certifications

1. CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)

CCNA is the most popular vendor-specific network certification in the market. It covers Network fundamentals, IP connectivity, IP services, Security fundamentals and Automation. Cisco also offers CCNP(Professional) and CCIE(Expert level).

Pre-requisites: Cisco recommends a year of experience administering Cisco solutions.
Price: $300 plus taxes
Languages : English and Japanese
Duration : 120 minutes

Schedule an exam: 200-301 CCNA - Cisco

2. CompTIA Network+

CompTIA Network+ is the perfect choice for the people seeking vendor-neutral network certification. This is recommended for people who want to learn about networking in general for other roles such as DevOps engineering. CompTIA also offers CompTIA A+, CompTIA Linux+, CompTIA Security+, CompTIA Cloud+ and CompTIA Server+.

Pre-requisites: 9-12 months experience and at least CompTIA A+ certification is recommended.
Cost: $348 plus taxes
Languages: English at launch. German, Japanese, Portuguese, Thai and Spanish
Duration: 90 minutes

Buy Exam: CompTIA Network+

3. Juniper Networks Certified Associate (JNCIA-Junos)

Juniper Networks Certified Associate certification is designed for professionals with beginner-intermediate knowledge of networking. It provides understanding of the core functionality of the Juniper Networks Junos OS.

Pre-requisites: None
Cost: $200 plus taxes
Languages: English only
Duration: 90 minutes

So what are you waiting for... Kick start your journey today in this amazing world of Networking!

Virtual Machines 101

Sneh Chauhan — Wed, 25 May 2022 19:02:47 +0000

Introduction

Alex : Hey Garry! Can you spin up a VM and test this application?
Garry : Sure, I'll do that right away.

How often do you hear that idiom "spin up a VM" while conversing in IT? It's quite common right? But for anyone who's just starting his career in cloud, it can be quite overwhelming.

So... what the heck are VMs? What technology does it use and what are hypervisors?

Read on to know more👇

What is Virtualization🤔?

As per Wikipedia,

Virtualization is the act of creating a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, including virtual computer hardware platforms, storage devices, and computer network resources.

Or to put it simply, Virtualization means splitting physical resource like memory, CPU and storage into multiple virtual resources.

It's a technology that allows us to utilize a machine's full capacity by distributing it's resources among multiple environments each isolated from one another.

Virtual Machine🔖

A "Virtual Machine" or "VM" is a virtual instance of a computer. Just like other computers it has a CPU, memory and storage.

These virtual machines run on a physical computer and a software called "Hypervisor" manages their allocation and access to the computing resources.

Hypervisor🔖

Hypervisor or Virtual Machine Monitor is a virtualization software which allows one to build and run different VMs. It lets one host computer support multiple guest VMs by sharing its resources like memory and CPU.

Hypervisors are of two types:

Type-1 Hypervisor
Type-2 Hypervisor

Type-1 Hypervisor🔖

Type-1 Hypervisor or Native Hypervisor runs directly on host's hardware and replaces the Host operating system.
As it sits directly on the hardware, it is also called Bare-Metal Hypervisor.

Usage:

It is very commonly used in data centers and other server-based environments due to its high performance.

Advantages:

Higher performance (as it has direct access to the hardware)
More Secure
No Single point-of-failure
Better Scalability

Disadvantages:

Needs a dedicated machine to administer different VMs and control hardware.

Few of the mostly widely used Type-1 Hypervisors are VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V and KVM.

Type-2 Hypervisor🔖

Type-2 Hypervisor or Hosted Hypervisor runs as an application on the top of the Host operating system.

Usage:

It is commonly used by people who want to try out different operating systems or want to test their application for compatibility.

Advantages:

Cost efficient
Simplified Management
Threat isolation

Disadvantages:

Compromised performance
Single point of failure

Few of the most widely used Type-2 hypervisors are VirtualBox, VMware Workstation and Parallel Desktop.

15 Vim shortcuts that will make your life easier

Sneh Chauhan — Wed, 25 May 2022 18:55:15 +0000

Introduction

If you ever installed Linux in your life, I'm sure you might have come across Vim.

Vim is a command-line based text editor. It's a great tool but I won't say that it's the best text editor in Linux as it would lead to a never-ending debate.

Vim is actually an improved version of the old vi editor. It comes with many new features including multi-level undo, multiple window support, visual mode and command-line completion.

If you're using it for the first time, you may have hard time trying to exit Vim.
.
.
.
What? Don't you believe me?

Here's the proof :

Stack Overflow

@stackoverflow

Stack Overflow launched in 2008, demonstrating what’s possible with the internet: an open community that gives people knowledge at their fingertips.

Since then, over 1.8M people have visited us just to learn how to exit Vim. #Web30 #ForTheWeb

stackoverflow.com/questions/1182…

02:00 AM - 13 Mar 2019

In this blog, I'll list down 15 shortcuts that will save you a lot of time while working with vim.

Shortcut key	Function
w	To `move forward` by one word(you need to be in normal mode).
b	To `move backward` by one word(you need to be in normal mode).
gg	To `move to the beginning` of the file.
G	To `move to the end` of the file(last line).
dw	To `delete the word`, cursor is positioned upon.
dd	To `delete the line`, cursor is positioned upon.
d2d	To `delete 2 lines`, starting from the line, the cursor is upon. You can replace '2' by any number and delete any number of lines.
u	To `undo` the last operation performed.
Ctrl+r	To `redo` the last operation performed.
/sample_text	To `search` for the 'sample_text' in the file. Use `n` to move to next occurrence and `N` to move to the previous occurrence of the text(in Command mode).
:%s/old/new/g	`Replaces` all the occurrences of the `old` text with `new` text(in Command mode).
:q!	To `quit the file discarding all the changes` made to the file(in Command mode).
:wq	To `save the file` and `quit`(in Command mode).
:w sample_filename	To `save` the file with filename 'sample_filename'(in Command mode).
:q	To `quit` Vim. It fails when changes has been made to file(in Command mode).

That's all for the blog. I hope you had good time reading the blog!😃

The Ops Community ⚙️: Sneh Chauhan

Understanding /etc/passwd file in Linux

Introduction

What is /etc/passwd file?

How can I view that file?

Can I modify that file?

Understanding /etc/passwd file format

1) Username :

2) Password :

3) User ID (UID):

4) Group ID(GID):

5) GECOS :

6) Home directory :

7) Login Shell :

Nexus Repository Manager : What is it & how to configure it on a Digital Ocean Droplet?

Introduction

What is a Repository Manager?

Repository v/s Repository Manager

Why do you need it? 🤔

Why Nexus Repository Manager? 🤔

Configuring Nexus on Digital Ocean Droplet

STEP 1 : Create a Droplet (cloud server)

STEP 2 : Log in to the droplet using it's public IP address

STEP 3 : Install Java version 8 and networking tools.

STEP 4: Download Nexus Repository Manager and untar it.

STEP 5: Create a new user nexus, give it appropriate permissions and change nexus configuration to run as a nexus user.

STEP 6: Login as nexus and start nexus service

Accessing Nexus from Browser 🤩

Conclusion

Top 3 Networking certifications for 2022

Introduction

Networking Certifications

1. CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)

2. CompTIA Network+

3. Juniper Networks Certified Associate (JNCIA-Junos)

Virtual Machines 101

Introduction

What is Virtualization🤔?

Virtual Machine🔖

Hypervisor🔖

Type-1 Hypervisor🔖

Usage:

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Type-2 Hypervisor🔖

Usage:

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

15 Vim shortcuts that will make your life easier

Introduction

STEP 2 : Log in to the droplet using it's `public IP address`

STEP 3 : Install `Java version 8` and networking tools.

STEP 4: Download `Nexus Repository Manager` and `untar` it.

STEP 5: Create a new user `nexus`, give it appropriate permissions and change nexus configuration to run as a `nexus` user.

STEP 6: Login as `nexus` and start `nexus service`